Trickle irrigation can be defined as the supply to plants of filtered water through a low pressure piping system in an exact predetermined pattern that eliminates water spraying or running down furrows and that delivers only a few gallons of water /hour/”emitter”. In the soil under each emitter is a “turnip” of (figure 1) that can be utilized by the trees. The size and shape of the “turnip” is determined by the characteristics and the rate and duration of water application. The application of water is on daily or alternate day basis with the trickle irrigation. This frequent irrigation keeps soil moistures tension at low levels when compared to the less frequent water application typical in other systems(2)
Trickle irrigation gives only partial ground coverage. For widely spaced trees crops a 20% to 30% is necessary for adequate moisture availability.
The trickle system transport water through an expansive pipeline network to the soil near the plant and puts the water directly into the root zone. Trickle irrigation methods are high frequency – low volume, localized over a long period of application, have a low pressure requirement, and apply water near or into root zone (bucks and Davis 1986).
United state of America started using it in 1964. Today, studies are done on the design , operation, and management principal of the trickle system(Davely et al. 1973; Jobling 1973; Keller and Karmeli 1975; Goldberg et al. 1976; Merriam and Keller 1978; Howel et al. 1981; Nakayama and Bucks 1986; Keller and Bliesner 1990; Kanber 1999). Its advantages and disadvantages and the effects on the crop yield are subjects of intensive study throughout the world(Schweers and Grimes 1976; Maber 1979; Mostaghimi et al. 1981; Pai Wu 1982; Armstrong and Wilson 1982; Oron et al. 1982; Wamble and Farrar 1983; Oron 1984; Tekinel et al. 1989; Tekinel and Cevik 1993; Yavuz 1993; Cetin 1997; Ertek 1998; Keser 1998; Senyigit 1998; Kanber1999).
Drip irrigation has contributed to a marked increase in agricultural yield over the past decade. The system transports water directly to the plant and its roots for ready use. One snag in these techniques is that in contrast to the other methods, it is not applicable to all plants and land types. Before and following the years of World War 2nd, British farmers used plastics pipes in drip irrigation on land and in greenhouses (Goldberg et al. 1976; Hall 1985)
Because it is low pressure system drip irrigation is also called low-pressure irrigation. It takes water through drippers or injectors. Water leaves the dripper at zero pressure and gravity moves it to the soil and downward. The distribution in the soil has the shape of a dry onion head. The lateral flow of the water in the soil limits the area each dripper wets.
A drip irrigation system comprises a pump, control unit, network, and drippers. A schematic diagram for a typical trickle system is given in figure. The network comprises the main, manifolds, and drippers. Although this system may use all the water resources, farmers should take care to ensure the water contains no sediments or floating matter.
The dripper outputs vary 1-10 L/hour, depending on their use, operating pressures and type. Fruit orchards require flow rates ranging 4-10L/hour, but the vegetable can do with 1-2L/hour.
Trickle irrigation gives only partial ground coverage. For widely spaced trees crops a 20% to 30% is necessary for adequate moisture availability.
The trickle system transport water through an expansive pipeline network to the soil near the plant and puts the water directly into the root zone. Trickle irrigation methods are high frequency – low volume, localized over a long period of application, have a low pressure requirement, and apply water near or into root zone (bucks and Davis 1986).
United state of America started using it in 1964. Today, studies are done on the design , operation, and management principal of the trickle system(Davely et al. 1973; Jobling 1973; Keller and Karmeli 1975; Goldberg et al. 1976; Merriam and Keller 1978; Howel et al. 1981; Nakayama and Bucks 1986; Keller and Bliesner 1990; Kanber 1999). Its advantages and disadvantages and the effects on the crop yield are subjects of intensive study throughout the world(Schweers and Grimes 1976; Maber 1979; Mostaghimi et al. 1981; Pai Wu 1982; Armstrong and Wilson 1982; Oron et al. 1982; Wamble and Farrar 1983; Oron 1984; Tekinel et al. 1989; Tekinel and Cevik 1993; Yavuz 1993; Cetin 1997; Ertek 1998; Keser 1998; Senyigit 1998; Kanber1999).
Drip irrigation has contributed to a marked increase in agricultural yield over the past decade. The system transports water directly to the plant and its roots for ready use. One snag in these techniques is that in contrast to the other methods, it is not applicable to all plants and land types. Before and following the years of World War 2nd, British farmers used plastics pipes in drip irrigation on land and in greenhouses (Goldberg et al. 1976; Hall 1985)
Because it is low pressure system drip irrigation is also called low-pressure irrigation. It takes water through drippers or injectors. Water leaves the dripper at zero pressure and gravity moves it to the soil and downward. The distribution in the soil has the shape of a dry onion head. The lateral flow of the water in the soil limits the area each dripper wets.
A drip irrigation system comprises a pump, control unit, network, and drippers. A schematic diagram for a typical trickle system is given in figure. The network comprises the main, manifolds, and drippers. Although this system may use all the water resources, farmers should take care to ensure the water contains no sediments or floating matter.
The dripper outputs vary 1-10 L/hour, depending on their use, operating pressures and type. Fruit orchards require flow rates ranging 4-10L/hour, but the vegetable can do with 1-2L/hour.
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