MATERIALS & METHODS

Sprinkle irrigation and its use in Pakistan would enable our farmers to produce maximum possible crop yield with minimum possible water supply. In the recent past, many scientific and technical research efforts have proven quite meaningful in developing suitable irrigation for different countries for growing vegetable or other suitable crops.

Many methods and techniques have been designed, planned, developed and applied successfully in the agricultural fields/ gardens etc for the profitable marketing agriculture. Versatile and powerful sprinkler techniques can be use economically under various topographic conditions because it requires least land development. Sprinkling is suitable for sandy soils or any other soil, where surface irrigation may be expensive, insufficient or where erosion notified. In this system quite low rates and amount of water may be applied as the said amount is needed in the seed germination, delay fru budding and cutting of crops in hot weather.

The most important input components fertilizers is dissolved in the water and applied efficient through the irrigation system. Sprinkles techniques are classified according to principals of operation, pressure discharge and material from which they are made. Sprinklers are manufactured from bronze, aluminum and polyethylene materials. Bronze and polyethylene materials are resistant and longer lasting.

Figure shows impact sprinkle spraying in the farm are spaced according to design specified.

Figure shows pop up sprinkle in the garden and lawn and photo taken Al Wassel Group of industries in Al Qassim Buraidah in the Nadec Agri farm. Pop up sprinkler used for spraying water in the garden and landscaped area

Figure showing:
A simple design describes the pop up and automatic irrigation system of the project.

Figure shows a maxi paw sprinkler used for garden.

Different type includes whirling, propeller, mini and micro. Other may be
(1) Low angle jets- under canopy sprinklers
(2) Giant sprinklers – irrigation of cereals and fodder crops with spacing covering large areas
(3) Part circles sprinklers for part irrigation of marginal areas to prevent water wastage and wetting of roads
(4) Pop – up sprinklers for lawns and house gardens
(5) Regulated sprinklers.

Fig. shows Brass impact sprinkle adjustable inlet 3/4

Pressure =1.8 to 4.3 kg/cm
Flow: 28 to 43 lpm
Diameter: 29mto 32m
Standard nozzle size: 4.76x3.17




Brass impact sprinkle full circle ¾ inlet
Pressure= 2.1 to 3.5 kg/cm
Flow: 34 to 45 lpm
Diameter: 27m to 34m
Standard nozzle size: 5.15x3.17

Fig shows Brass impact sprinkle 1 female full circle
Pressure= 2-5 kg/cm
Flow : 44 to 71 lpm
Diameter: 26 to 35m
Standard nozzle size: 5.55x 4.8m

Fig shows Brass sprinkle ½ female full circle
Pressure=1 to 3 kg/cm
Flow : 29to 39lpm
Diameter: 25m to 29m
Standard nozzle size: 5x3mm

Fig shows Brass Spray ½ female

Fig shows ½ plastic sprinkles (part/full circle)
Pressure= 1 to 3.1 bar
Flow: 10.2 to 17.7 lpm
Radius: 8.8 to 13.1 m


Figure shows full circle plastic impact sprinkle ¾
Bsp male and 1 Bsp male
Pressure = 2 to 5 bar
Flow: 26 to 42 lpm
Standard nozzle size 5x2.5mm

Fig shows micro sprays jets

Spray jet 360 degree
Spray jet 180 degree
Spray jet 90 degree

And 1 inch size having a range of throw of spray depending on size And pressure of water.

Figure shows solenoid valves Of sizes ¾, 1, 11/2, 2, and 3 inch sizes
Taking 24 volts electric current from timer And used for automatic irrigation system

Safety devices
Air relief valve of sizes 2 inch and 3 inch size

With micro- sprinklers the water jet fitted in the system strikes a bearing with one or two channels causing the sprinklers to rotate quickly and distribute the water. When selecting a sprinklers, suitable reliable workable factors such as crop, soil, quality of irrigation water, irrigation schedules, water availability or supply conditions such as pressure, discharge, labor, manpower, economic evaluation etc must be taken into consideration.

The sprinkler characteristic must also be considered such as quality of water application pressure and discharge range and sensitivity to wind etc. Medium pressure sprinklers are the most widely used ones, operated at a correct pressure and spacing appropriated the nozzle, they give good uniformity of water application with little risk of damage to crop except in sensitive cases. An irrigation system of sprinkle type is planned so that the correct amount of water will be applied efficiently at the right time.

The system should be selected after a complete evaluation and planning consideration such as crop requirement , irrigation schedule, soil type , available water infiltrations rate , climate, precipitation, wind velocity, evaporation, water quality, water supply condition discharge , pressures and proper time, landscape topography and shape of the field, existing irrigation network and labor and economic factors.